Polyphenols are chemicals found naturally in plant-based foods that act as antioxidants. These compounds interact with bitter taste receptors on the tongue known as Type 2 taste receptors (TR2). Recent studies have shown that TR2 receptors are not only found on the tongue but also in various organs, including those in the gastrointestinal tract. Researchers at Shibaura Institute of Technology in Japan found that the activation of TR2 receptors in the GI tract by polyphenols leads to the secretion of hormones that may help reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Polyphenols are commonly found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds, and there are over 8,000 different types of polyphenols, all of which have antioxidant properties that protect the body’s cells from damage caused by external factors such as injuries, pollution, smoking, and processed foods. These compounds are known to have a bitter taste, which allows them to interact with TR2 receptors in the mouth and throughout the gastrointestinal system. Previous research has suggested that bitter taste receptors play a role in the secretion of digestive hormones and appetite suppression.
The study led by Naomi Osakabe, Ph.D., aimed to investigate the relationship between the bitterness of polyphenols and glucose tolerance. The researchers discovered that the activation of TR2 receptors in the GI tract by polyphenols triggers the secretion of hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which help regulate appetite and blood sugar levels. It is believed that these gastrointestinal hormones may help reduce the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes by controlling appetite and blood sugar levels without causing significant side effects.
Mir Ali, MD, a board-certified bariatric surgeon, commented on the study, noting that the findings show the potential of using natural compounds found in food to improve health outcomes related to diabetes and obesity. Monique Richard, MS, RDN, LDN, a registered dietitian nutritionist, recommended increasing polyphenol intake through a variety of colorful fruits, vegetables, legumes, seeds, and whole grains. Studies have shown benefits from consuming around 650 mg of polyphenols per day, with options such as blueberries containing high levels of these compounds.
Overall, the research suggests that polyphenols can play a role in improving glucose tolerance and regulating appetite through the activation of bitter taste receptors in the GI tract. By incorporating a variety of plant-based foods rich in polyphenols into the diet, individuals may be able to naturally increase the levels of beneficial hormones in the body, potentially reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and obesity. This approach may offer a safer and more effective alternative to using medications with potential side effects for managing these health conditions.
